45 02 / 23 PERSONALquarterly PROF. DR. ANDREAS ENGELEN Professur für Management am Lehrstuhl für BWL, insb. Management Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf E-Mail: andreas.engelen@hhu.de https://www.management.hhu.de/ SUMMARY Research question: Does the instructional method of spaced learning cause better learning in a work-based e-learning environment? Methodology: Two field experiments with 437 participants to test eight research hypotheses. Practical implications: Spaced learning was found to significantly increase learning outcomes in real-world settings, however primarily for factual rather than process knowledge. Learners also overwhelmingly prefer spaced, interactive and guided learning sessions. These findings can be used by e-learning developers and managers to better target learning budgets. HANAN KONDRATJEW Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin, Lehrstuhl für BWL, insb. Management Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf E-Mail: hanan.kondratjew@hhu.de https://www.management.hhu.de/ LITERATURVERZEICHNIS Anderson, L. W./Krathwohl, D. R./Airasian, P. W./Cruikshank, K. A./Mayer, R. E./Pintrich, P. R./Raths, J./Wittrock, M. C. (2001): A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Longman, New York. Beer, M./Finnström, M./Schrader, D. (2016): Why Leadership Training Fails—and What to Do About It. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/10/why-leadershiptraining-fails-and-what-to-do-about-it. Accessed: May 25, 2022. Beier, M. E. (2021): Life-Span Learning and Development and Its Implications for Workplace Training. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211003891 Bersin, J. (2018): New Research Shows „Heavy Learners“ More Confident, Successful, and Happy at Work. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/wanthappy-work-spend-time-learning-josh-bersin/. Accessed: May 30, 2022. Bodem-Schrötgens, J./Reich, A./Schaninger, B./Sharma, K. (2021): Three keys to building a more skilled postpandemic workforce. Retrieved from: https://www. mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/ourinsights/three-keys-to-building-a-more-skilled-postpandemic-workforce. Accessed: July 20, 2022. Carpenter, S. K./Cepeda, N. J./Rohrer, D./Kang, S. H. K./Pashler, H. (2012): Using Spacing to Enhance Diverse Forms of Learning: Review of Recent Research and Implications for Instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 24(3), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9205-z Cepeda, N. J./Vul, E./Rohrer, D./Wixted, J. T./Pashler, H. (2008): Spacing effects in learning: a temporal ridgeline of optimal retention. Psychological science, 19(11), 1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x Cepeda, N. J./Pashler, H./Vul, E./Wixted, J. T./Rohrer, D. (2006): Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 Clark, R. C./Mayer, R. E. (2016): e-Learning and the science of instruction (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Ellis, P. F./Kuznia, K. D. (2014): Corporate Elearning Impact On Employees. Global Journal of Business Research, 8(4), 1–15. Gartner (2018): Employee expectations of work changes resulting from digitalization. Retrieved from: https://www.gartner.com/en/human-resources/role/ learning-development. Accessed: May 22, 2022. Ryu, G./Moon, S. G. (2019): The effect of actual workplace learning on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(8), 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-05-2019-0061. Spielman, R./Dumper, K./Jenkins, W./Lacombe, A./Lovett, M./Perlmutter, M. (2018): Memory. In R. E. West, Foundations of Learning and Instructional Design Technology: The Past, Present, and Future of Learning and Instructional Design (pp. 71–79). EdTech Books. Retrieved from: https://edtechbooks.org/lidtfoundations/memory. Vlach, H. A./Bredemann, C. A./Kraft, C. (2019): To mass or space? Young children do not possess adults’ incorrect biases about spaced learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jecp.2019.02.003 Zahidi, S. (2020): We need a global reskilling revolution – here‘s why. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/reskilling-revolution-jobsfuture-skills/ Accessed: October 9, 2021.
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